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An annual publication from the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Issues:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 
TERMINOLOGIJA 8 CONTENTS TERMINOLOGY AND THE PRESENT
J. Klimavičius. What Jonas Jablonskis did for geography
and what is being done with it 7
A. Kaulakienė. Terminologisation: semantic formations
and calques 28
P. Zemlevičiūtė. Synonymic terms of „Medicinos enciklopedija“ 34
TERMINOLOGICAL HISTORY
St. Keinys. Terms of linguistics in Petras Kriaušaitis
„Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika“ (1901) 50
R. Andriuškaitė. Antonyms of Juozas Balčikonis terms
of linguistics 65
A. Umbrasas. The state of the terminology of law
in Lithuanian in 1918–1940 76
A. Auksoriūtė. Laurynas Ivinskis’ neologisms of mineralogy 95
V. Drotvinas. From the history of the word mokinys (pupil) 112
FROM FOREIGN TERMINOLOGY
J. Gaivenytė-Butler, A. Auksoriūtė. A survey of foreign
terminological schools 119
A. Genelytė. International code of botanical nomenclature
and Lithuanian terminology 130
CONSIDERATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
K. Gaivenis. A few remarks on the terminology of taxonomy 138
MISCELLANEA OF TERMINOLOGY AND PUBLICATIONS
A. Kaulakienė. The newest publications of the
„Logo mokykla“ project 144
J. Gaivenytė-Butler. The latest Lithuanian dictionaries of terms 146
R. Kvašytė. A bibliography of the dictionaries of terms
published in Latvia 1996–2000 152
Requirements for articles 158
S U M M A R I E S WHAT JONAS JABLONSKIS DID FOR GEOGRAPHY AND WHAT IS BEING DONE WITH IT
In 1918 the father of standard Lithuanian (and terminology) Jonas Jablonskis met the first independence of the Republic of Lithuania by coining Lithuanian terms of geography dienovidinis (meridian), pusiaujas (equator), ašigalis (pole), atogrąža (tropic), vandenynas (ocean), žemynas (continent), ledynas (glacier), ugnikalnis (volcano), akiratis (horizon). However, at that time there was no dictionary of terms of geography and no dictionary of standard Lithuanian, therefore these terms did not have the time to take root. In soviet times, when in its usage of international words the Lithuanian language was getting closer to the Russian language, so called international terms meridianas, ekvatorius, polius, tropikas, okeanas, kontinentas, glečeris, vulkanas, horizontas started choking out those terms. Jablonskis had made them in a way which was closer to Polish and German languages where purification of the language is noticeable. The Russian language has fewer Russian equivalents – only материк – континент, ледник – глетчер, кругозор – горизонт. During the second independence inertia can be observed – good changes require much effort. Terms of mathematics Lithuanised by Jablonskis remain almost untouched. It was predestined not so much by the strictness of mathematical thinking, but more by sociolinguistic reasons – the isolation of the usage of terms of this group.
TERMINOLOGISATION: SEMANTIC FORMATIONS AND CALQUES
Terminologisation is a two-fold process: in some cases standard language words and dialect words are being terminologised and in other cases this happens to terms of adjacent fields. The name is usually transferred when on the basis of one meaning of the word another meaning is created. Such meaning is a semantic formation. However, it is quite difficult to establish which term is terminologised or transterminologised, especially when foreign sememes are named with native lexemes. In such cases semantic calques appear. For example, members of micro system of computer terms – karta (generation), šeima (family) – can be considered as international semantic calques as well as transterminologised terms of sociology.
SYNONYMIC TERMS OF “MEDICINOS ENCIKLOPEDIJA”
This article deals with synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms of medicine used in Lithuanian language. Material for investigation was collected from two volumes of “Medicinos enciklopedija” (Vilnius, 1991, 1993) in which there is 291 rows of synonymic terms naming the same concept. In “Medicinos enciklopedija” the main terms most often are international one-word terms (179 rows of synonymic terms) and their Lithuanian synonyms have a different structure – they are either one-word terms or complex terms. In most cases the international one word term has a Lithuanian equivalent which is two-word or one-word term (80 and 60 rows of synonymic terms, for example, adventicija, išorinis dangalas, paramnezija, apgauli atmintis; anestezija, nejautra, maliarija, drugys). Cases when priority is given to the Lithuanian term are rarer (111 rows of synonymic terms). Lithuanian terms which are given first are one-word terms or complex terms. International synonyms of such terms are one-word terms. There are more cases of Lithuanian main one-word term (74 rows of synonymic terms, for example, apsinuodijimas, intoksikacija, ištrauka, ekstraktas), whereas fewer terms are two- or three-word terms (27 and 5 rows of synonymic terms, for example, plaučių uždegimas, pneumonija; karštį mažinantys vaistai, antipiretikai).
TERMS OF LINGUISTICS IN PETRAS KRIAUŠAITIS “LIETUVIŠKOS KALBOS GRAMATIKA” (1901)
This paper reviews the presentation of terms, investigates synonyms and variants of terms, as well as matters of structure and derivation and analyses question of the fate of those terms. It is pointed out that Latin equivalents in brackets are given to almost one third of terms of linguistics and they could be considered as explanations of meanings of Lithuanian terms. Approximately a half of terms from this grammar are still being used as Lithuanian terms of morphology (they make the biggest part), phonetics, syntax and general linguistics.
ANTONYMS OF JUOZAS BALČIKONIS’ TERMS OF LINGUISTICS
This paper deals with antonyms of terms of linguistics used in Juozas Balčikonis works. The material for investigation was taken from Balčikonis’ “Rinktiniai raštai” and from manuscript of the translation of Jan Otrębski’ “Lietuvių kalbos gramatika”.
Investigation of 142 pairs of antonyms in the system of terms of linguistics showed that they had been created either in a lexical or derivational way. Amongst investigated terms derivational antonyms are more frequent (44 percent of all antonyms). The opposite meaning is given by prefixes, less frequently - by roots of compound terms.
Lexical antonyms are almost similarly frequent – they make 40 percent of antonyms. They mark concepts which are distinguished by dichotomy principle (connected in the relationship of contradictory opposite) either by limiting concepts of the field of terms (connected in the relationship of contrary opposite). Antonyms of terminological meaning should also be mentioned (15 percent). Such antonyms are separated only in the terminological system, because their contrast is created not by the lexical, but by the terminological meaning. Usually they note concepts that are opposed to each other.
THE STATE OF THE TERMINOLOGY OF LAW IN LITHUANIA IN 1918–1940
After the declaration of independence in 1918 Lithuanian language for the first time got into the fields of government of state and other fields of the public life. The need for the Lithuanian terminology of law arose and terms were created. This article gives an overview of various works (1918–1940) which dealt with the creation and standardization of the terminology of law. Probably for the first time the manuscript of the dictionary of law (1920) is more widely introduced. Quite a lot of attention is given to activities of the standardization of the terminology of law which was performed in an organized way – merits of the Terminological commission at the Ministry of Education (1921–1926) and Terminological commission of the State Council (1939–1940) are described. Various data about terminology of law from the press of that time is presented. This article also introduces with the typewriting copy of the list of terms of law which is kept in the Department of manuscripts of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library. Possible authors and sources of the first published dictionary of law (“Teisinių terminų žodynas“ compiled by A. Žiurlys. Vilnius, 1954), which could have been concealed are mentioned. The aim of this article is to emphasize that the foundations of the Lithuanian terminology of law were laid in 1918–1940.
LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’ NEOLOGISMS OF MINERALOGY
Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881) in the first part of his manuscript “Prigimtūmenė” presented over 400 terms of geography and mineralogy. His neologisms of mineralogy make about 1/5 of all terms presented in this part. A bit more than a half of neologisms of Ivinskis are derivates, others are compounds. The largest part of the group of derivates are derivates made with suffixes which name minerals. Ivinskis used to create derivates not only with popular Lithuanian language formants, for example, the suffixes -enis, -enė, -ainis, -ūnas and the prefix pa-, but also with less popular formants such as the suffixes -ėtras, -einis, -eitis, -ėtis and the prefixes pro-, san-. Ivinskis compounds correspond with the most productive types of the compounding in the modern Lithuanian, though many underlying words of components of compounds are unusual and not characteristic to standard Lithuanian, for example, kūlis, kalkis, gelžis and skiltis.
Names of minerals created by Ivinskis practically have not taken root and they are not used in modern terminology probably not only because “Prigimtūmenė” has not been printed, but also because some of his neologisms were unusual and their motivation is not accurate.
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE WORD MOKINYS (PUPIL)
It is usually supposed that the term mokinys was first recorded by Antanas Juška in the second half of the 19th century and that it was approved by Jonas Jablonskis.
This article provides some data that the word mokinys was already given in the dictionary of Konstantinas Sirvydas in the 17th century and in the manuscript of the dictionary from Lithuania Minor, the so called German-Lithuanian dictionary of Krause in the 18th century.
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