| Terminologija 9 |
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An annual publication from the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.
Issues:
TERMINOLOGIJA 9 CONTENTS
TERMINOLOGY AND STANDARD LANGUAGE
Jonas Klimavičius. Standard Lithuanian language: limits and limitlessness, system, norm and codification 7
TERMINOLOGICAL HISTORY
Stasys Keinys. Maironis and our terminology of literary science 26 Gintautas Česnys. An essay on the history of Lithuanian anatomical terminology 55 Angelė Kaulakienė. Terminology of Konstantinas Šakenis’ textbook Fizika (Physics) 66 Alvydas Umbrasas. Differences in the terminology of law in the translation of The Criminal Code that functioned in the Republic of Lithuania in 1918-1940 78 Albina Auksoriūtė. A few of Laurynas Ivinskis’ names of plants 95 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė. Doctor Jonas Basanavičius and his Medega musu tautiszkai vaistinykystai (Material for our national medicine) 103
FROM FOREIGN TERMINOLOGY
Terminology and Technology Transfer in the Multilingual Information Society (Albina Auksoriūtė, Solvita Labanauskienė) 122
REVIEWS, SURVEYS
Kazimieras Gaivenis. Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys (Lithuanian terminology: outline of theory and normalisation) (Jonas Klimavičius) 129 Botanikos vardų žodynas (Dictionary of botanical names). Compiled by R. Jankevičienė (Solvita Labanauskienė) 148 Profesinio rengimo terminų aiškinamasis anglų-lietuvių kalbų žodynėlis praktikantams (Explanatory English-Lithuanian dictionary of terms of the professional training) (Palmira Zemlevičiūtė) 159 The latest Lithuanian dictionaries of terms 2001 (Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler) 164 Requirements for articles 170
SUMMARIES
J. Klimavičius STANDARD LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE: LIMITS AND LIMITLESSNESS, SYSTEM, NORM AND CODIFICATION
The standard language to some extent dissociated from dialects, but a commonality also exists. The layer of common systematic traits is quite thick, although systematic and especially numerous, solitary differences are noticeable. The start of the process of dissociation of standard language from dialects is the appearance of writing and books (the first appearance in Lithuania - 1547). The role of the State and the Church (conversion to Christianity) in this process is very important. First of all, Lithuanian became a language of the church (after conversion to Christianity in 1387). However Lithuania used other official languages, then it lost its statehood (1795), and Lithuanian became the state language only in 1922. In soviet times its rights were restricted again. Written Lithuanian is quite old, but the new standard language, especially its scientific style and terminology are rather young. However, norms of the written and spoken standard language and of its functional styles are already quite well settled and codified. The codification of the Lithuanian language is scientific (of the good theoretical level) and official. The State Lithuanian Language Commission is responsible for the status of the state language and the main issues of its codification. After many twists and turns of history, bilingualism and changes of versions of the written language, the highest form of the language has been achieved - a mature, stable and differentiated standard language. The challenges of the living in EU will be the decisive test and will demand an even bigger effort.
St. Keinys. MAIRONIS AND OUR TERMINOLOGY OF LITERARY SCIENCE
This article discusses terms of literary science and a few terms of linguistics, publishing and theatre in respect of meaning and expression in Trumpa visuotinės literatūros istorija (A short history of general literature) (1926) written by the poet, priest, scientist and educator Maironis (Jonas Mačiulis, 1862-1932). Maironis is widely known as a poet and public figure of the times of national rebirth. In respect of meaning, these groups of terms of literary science are separated and presented according to their number: 1) names of kinds of literature and works of literature and names of genres, 2) names of features and actions related to literary works and their creation, 3) names of creators and performers, 4) general terms of the literary science, 5) names of content and the means of expression (form), 6) names of the parts of writings, 7) names of the characters of writings. The conclusion is that in the investigated respect, Maironis’ terminology of literary science is plentiful (about 1000 terms in total), diverse and rather detailed. In respect of expression, the majority of terms are complex terms (about two thirds of all terms). Most of them are two-word terms and only less than a quarter are three-word terms. Longer terms are in single numbers. Complex terms are also researched in respect of the expression of their attributes and the origin of their components. The majority of one-word terms are international terms. Cases of adaptation of borrowings, word-formation of Lithuanian terms and exceptional cases of orthography are overviewed. The general conclusion is that Maironis used quite a lot of terms from the initial stage of the formation of modern standard language, but he also accepted new terms that were rapidly spread in the second and third decades of the 20th century and are still used today and variants of old terms. That is why there are rather a large number of synonyms and variants of terms in his work.
G. Česnys AN ESSAY ON THE HISTORY OF LITHUANIAN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
The history of Lithuanian anatomical terminology begins in 1620, when a Polish-Latin-Lithuanian dictionary by Konstantinas Sirvydas (1579-1631) was published. In the first publicistic writings in medicine, Vincas Kudirka (1858-1899) used some anatomical terms that have survived until now. Jonas Basanavičius (1851-1927) started the creation of Lithuanian medical nomenclature as a system. Between the two world wars, Jurgis Žilinskas (1885-1957) and his colleagues tried to unify the system, and Petras Avižonis (1875-1939) quite successfully created terms in eye structure and ophthalmology in general. After the Second World war, Lithuanian anatomical terminology developed when translating Russian hand-books and preparing an authentic Lithuanian text-book of anatomy for university students (1972, 1984), as well as by working on the Dictionary of medical terminology (1980). Salezijus Pavilonis (1919-1998) and Kazimieras Tamašauskas (1936-1998) distinguished themselves especially. Nevertheless, Lithuanian anatomical terminology is far from perfect and future generations of anatomists will have much to do.
A. Kaulakienė TERMINOLOGY OF KONSTANTINAS ŠAKENIS’ TEXTBOOK FIZIKA (PHYSICS)
Konstantinas Šakenis’ text-book Fizika (Physics) for gymnasia was published in 1920. It consisted of three parts, which were published separately: Part I. Mechanics. Heat; Part II. Magnets. Electricity; Part III. Light. Sound. Energy and Work. During the period from 1920 until 1940 five editions of this text-book in three parts were published. The paper analyses terminology of the first edition of three parts of Šakenis’ Fizika in 1920. The analysis of the terms of this text-book can be summarised by the following conclusions. First of all, the terminology of Šakenis’ Fizika, similarly to the writings of his contemporaries (Petras Vileišis, Ignas Končius), was based on the Lithuanian vocabulary. Secondly, an abundance of variants and synonyms of terms shows that at that time the terminology of physics was still in the process of formation and had all features of the period of terminology creation. Thirdly, the criteria of terminological normalisation of Konstantinas Šakenis are obvious - motivated synonymy, matters of subordination of generic and specific terms, category groups of terms.
A. Umbrasas DIFFERENCES IN THE TERMINOLOGY OF LAW IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE CRIMINAL CODE THAT FUNCTIONED IN THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA IN 1918-1940
During the period of the independent Republic of Lithuania (1918-1940) there was no original criminal code prepared. From 1918 Russian criminal laws were in force, among them - The Criminal Code (Уголовное уложение) of 1903. This article deals with differences in the terminology of law in translations of this Code into Lithuanian (translations of 1919, 1931 and 1934 are compared). In total there were about 200 differences found. They are analysed and grouped according to the expression. The correctness and preciseness of terms are also discussed. The conclusion is drawn that translations of 1919 and 1931 differ very slightly. The biggest changes in the terminology of law were made in the translation of 1934 - here it is closest to the terminology of the present. It is likely that most of the differences between these translations occurred because terminology was being constantly improved. Some of the differences appeared because of corrections of mistakes and inaccuracies in the translation from 1919. The article emphasizes the significance of the terminology created in 1918-1940 to the contemporary language of law.
A. Auksoriūtė A FEW OF LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’ NAMES OF PLANTS
The paper deals with a few plants, which in various writings are named using Latin borrowings. Laurynas Ivinskis, an educator of the 19th century, in his manuscript Prigimtūmenė had named the mentioned plants using Lithuanian neologisms. This article also discusses the names given by Ivinskis. Some of names used by Ivinskis have uncertain formation and motivation (domėtis, nertys, saistris, segluvys, stapas, sūblas, šievis), other names have clear formation, but motivation is inexact/ inaccurate (antkūlis, kvepenė, kumpotris, pakeltis, plunksnerys, ponarvis, proplaukis, razgytras, žalsvėsis, žyblonis), and the third group of names have both formation and motivation clear (gražulas, lašūklis, lendrėlė, saulėtra, skarūnis, skiauterūnas, širdoklė). The names of the latter group could replace the Latin borrowings used at the present.
P. Zemlevičiūtė DOCTOR JONAS BASANAVIČIUS AND HIS MEDEGA MUSU TAUTISZKAI VAISTINYKYSTAI (MATERIAL FOR OUR NATIONAL MEDICINE)
The article discusses the dictionary of folk medicine Medega musu tautiszkai vaistinykystai (Material for our national medicine) written in Varna (Bulgaria) in 1898 by the patriarch of Lithuanian national rebirth doctor Jonas Basanavičius (1851-1927). The terms in this dictionary are discussed according to their meaning and expression and compared to contemporary dictionaries Medicinos terminų žodynas (Dictionary of medical terms) and Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian language). An abundance of terms is the characteristic feature of names of infectious, skin, nervous and alimentary canal diseases and also surgery and traumatology. Basanavičius’ terminology is more Lithuanian and popular than contemporary scientific terminology of medicine, which is too internationalised. In respect of expression, the majority of terms are one-word terms. Many Lithuanian terms are common words, for instance, drugys, plautis, vilkas. Quite a large part of Lithuanian one-word terms are derivates. There are some borrowings and hybrids. The number of complex terms is significantly smaller. After comparing terms from Medega with terms in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas the conclusion is drawn that the majority of words from Medega are widely used, though there are some words (or their meanings) and some word-combinations, which are narrowly spread and not fixed. Therefore, Medega is important for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology and it undoubtedly still has value today, because its exceptional and main feature is the Lithuanian origin of most of its terms. |
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