| Terminologija 11 |
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An annual publication from the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.
Issues:
TERMINOLOGIJA 11 CONTENTS
Terminologija 11 5
TERMINOLOGY AND THE PRESENT
Rūta Marcinkevičienė. Some problems of language and text-related terms 7 Regina Kvašytė. Anglicisms in Lithuanian and Latvian economic terminology 31 Robertas Stunžinas. Compound adjectives in the terminology of electrical engineering 52
TERMINOLOGICAL HISTORY
Palmira Zemlevičiūtė. The names of diseases in Lietuvos ūkininkas supplement Sveikata (1909–1928) 70 Alvydas Umbrasas. Synonyms and variants of conjugate two-word terms of law in Lithuanian Legal Codes of 1918-1940 100 Asta Mitkevičienė. Variants of terms in V. Dubas textbook of universal literature 119 Solvita Labanauskienė. Latvian names of plants in the dictionaries of Jurgis (Ambraziejus) Pabrėža 145
REMARKS, CONSIDERATIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND MISCELLANEA
A term beside a term. I (Jonas Klimavičius) 156
REVIEWS, SURVEYS, INFORMATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
E. Wüster and E. Drezen – pioneers of terminology and Esperantists (Aida Čižikaitė) 177 International seminar “Problems and Tasks of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Terminology in the European Union” (Solvita Labanauskienė) 186 The latest Lithuanian dictionaries of terms 2002 (Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler) 190
Summaries
R. Marcinkevičienė SOME PROBLEMS OF LANGUAGE AND TEXT-RELATED TERMS
The paper deals with two groups of Lithuanian linguistic terms. One group consists of the terms referring to different types and sorts of language as a system, e.g. literary, standard language, language and speech, written and spoken, public and private language, functional styles, etc. Another group comprises the names of the communicative units of language, i.e. text, discourse, text type, and genre. The first group is merely overviewed pointing out the need to have more consistent generic names and some equivalents for widely spread linguistic terms in English, such as language for general purpose vs language for specific purpose, and registre. The second group of terms is analysed using three different sources: dictionaries and encyclopedias, theoretical papers, and the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. Analysis of different sources revealed the discrepancy between the theoretical approaches to the notions mentioned above, definitions of the terms in general and specific dictionaries and their usage in the general corpus. It was suggested to widen the definition of the terms text and genre in order to make them compatible with the most recent theoretical approaches as well as everyday usage. The other two terms discourse and text type were suggested to be included in the list of linguistic terms and defined.
R. Kvašytė ANGLICISMS IN LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY
As business increasingly integrates into the world economy, in Lithuanian and Latvian terminology the English language gains supremacy, therefore the majority of economic terms are borrowed from English. In this article, economic terms of both the cognate languages – Lithuanian and Latvian - are compared as to their origin, form and meanings. Terms borrowed from the English language earlier, i. e. fully assimilated terms whose origin of borrowing is Latin or Greek and the source of borrowing is English such as kapitalas, eksportas, importas are analysed as well as terms borrowed from English directly, e. g. boikotas, dempingas, banknotas. Alongside established and recognized terms in contemporary Lithuanian and Latvian economic terminology many foreign words are being used. In standard terminology it has been proposed to replace them by analogues already known earlier, e.g. brokeris – makleris as well as neologisms (marketingas – rinkodara). Nevertheless in the practical usage of the Lithuanian and Latvian languages anglicisms are quite often perceived as international lexis and therefore they are acceptable.
R. Stunžinas COMPOUND ADJECTIVES IN THE TERMINOLOGY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
This paper analyses in various aspects 345 complex terms, which include 138 different compound adjectives. In respect of word formation it is clear that nominal compound adjectives prevail and 85% of them are composite words of a numeral and a noun, an adjective and a noun or an adverb and a noun. Verbal composite words are rather rare. In respect of underlying words about two thirds of term elements are composite words made using means of the Lithuanian language, another third are hybrids. In this article, terms in which only the underlying words correspond with other language terms, are named featuring terms. A majority of the analysed words are possibly featuring Russian or German terms. 56.6% of Lithuanian composite words are identical to Russian terms and 42.4% – to German terms. Comparatively a small part of composite words in their underlying words are identical to English terms. Only two composite words could be treated as linguistic calques from the Russian. Linguistic calques here are those composite words, which are identical to other language words in their formation as well as their underlying words. Not all compound adjectives could be treated as formations. Composite words of a pronoun and a noun and of a numeral and a noun are common words, which were terminologized. In the terminology of electrical engineering compound adjectives most frequently signify characteristics of concrete things, less frequently – features of abstract things or actions. Categorical combinability is more characteristic to the hybrids of productive types.
P. Zemlevičiūtė THE NAMES OF DISEASES IN LIETUVOS ŪKININKAS SUPPLEMENT SVEIKATA (1909–1928)
This article deals with the names of diseases in Lietuvos ūkininkas supplement Sveikata, which was published between 1909–1928. In respect of structure, one-word and complex names of diseases could be differentiated. Complex names are two-word, three-word or multi-word names. In respect of origin, names of diseases can be Lithuanian, of foreign origin or hybrid. One-word names most often are Lithuanian. There are quite a lot of international words, many of them have Lithuanian equivalents. The purity of the medical terminology is diminished by frequent barbarisms. Most of terms in Sveikata are two-word or three-word names of diseases, most of which are made from Lithuanian elements. There are also quite a lot of names of mixed origin when one element (or two) is Lithuanian and another one – foreign (more often it is an international word, less frequently - barbarism). The names of diseases and names of their groups with the word liga (disease) are discussed separately. The abundance of two-word and three-word names of diseases reflects the development of terminology during the period examined. Despite some cases of the orthographic variations, unsettled phonetics, grammar and other things, most of the names of diseases in Sveikata are quite regular. Names of diseases (especially two-word terms and most often only their elements) have plentiful synonyms and variants. Since the supplement Sveikata was published with the objective of popularising medical knowledge and was aimed at the general public, the authors of it did not make a special effort to avoid synonyms and sometimes were even not able to try – this was the stage when not only medical terminology was developing, but also common language was not fully settled. The names of diseases in Sveikata already have the characteristic features of scientific terminology – most names are given with their Latin equivalents, specific concepts are named using pronominal forms of adjectives and participles. The names of diseases in Sveikata are an interesting and valuable material in a historical respect. Sveikata not only continued the job of popularisation of medical knowledge, which was started about one hundred and fifty years ago, but undoubtedly developed and improved it, therefore during about twenty years when this supplement was being published the medical terminology became more pure, precise and scientific, though still quite variable.
A. Umbrasas SYNONYMS AND VARIANTS OF CONJUGATE TWO-WORD TERMS OF LAW IN LITHUANIAN LEGAL CODES OF 1918-1940
This article analyses terms of law from the Codes, which were translated into Lithuanian from Russian and were in force in 1918-1940. The analysis shows that two-word terms of law had a lot of synonyms and variants. The most frequent were synonymic and variant terms with the same root, therefore the decision was taken to show the predominant types of their expression. The most typical variants of terms are terms with simple or pronominal forms of adjectives and participles. The most typical synonyms are terms with subordinate elements in a genitive of a noun or an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė. The abundance of synonyms and variants shows that terminology of law was in the process of creation at that time and this process was not easy. There were hardly any well-established terms, therefore translators of the Codes used terms they thought were most suitable. Precise, systemic terms, which met needs of the users, were made not from the first attempt. On the other hand, in later translations of the Codes new terms were sometimes created needlessly, when the existing terms were deliberately or accidentally ignored. The material shows that there were not enough attempts to achieve uniformity in the terms of law.
A. Mitkevičienė VARIANTS OF TERMS IN V. DUBAS’ TEXTBOOK OF UNIVERSAL LITERATURE
This article deals with the variants of terms in three editions of V. Dubas’ textbook of universal literature Įvadas į bendrąją literatūrą (An introduction to universal literature) (the second and the third edition – Literatūros įvadas (An introduction to literature)). In Lithuanian terminology variants of terms were hardly ever researched. Traditionally the variant is defined as a different form of the same language unit with the same meaning. In this textbook there are variants of terms in all language levels: phonetics and orthography (68.8% variants), morphology (16.8%), word formation (3.2%), syntax (8%) and also some mixed variants (3.2%). The biggest part of those variants is the result of the Lithuanization of borrowings (for instance, poezija and poėzija). Variation of terms of the Lithuanian origin is quite rare (for instance, keliaujantysis dainius – keliaująs dainius). Variants of terms in V. Dubas’ textbook of universal literature most frequently appeared over time (in one edition one variant is used, in another one - another). Such variants make up more than two thirds of the total. Variability of some terms (for instance, trubadūras and trubaduras) is present in other publications of literary science and dictionaries from the first half of the 20th century. Asynchronous variants are the reflection of changes in language norms (or a lack of their stability), a result of language development. The researched variants of terms in the textbook show an attempt to look for more precise expression of a term and to Lithuanize borrowings in a more orderly fashion. There could be an assumption that variability of terms (especially cases when there are competing variants in the same edition) was predetermined by faults of editing (later editions) or even a lack of it (the first edition).
S. Labanauskienė LATVIAN NAMES OF PLANTS IN THE DICTIONARIES OF JURGIS (AMBRAZIEJUS) PABRĖŽA
Two dictionaries of Pabrėža – Waardaa tayslyynee Augimiu (1834, further WTA) and Taislós augimiu (1843, further TA) – have other language equivalents of plant names. From nearly a thousand Lithuanian names of plants in those two dictionaries 298 have Latvian equivalents, which were taken from a German book Oekonomisch-technische Flora von Wilhelm Christian Friebe (1805). Latvian folk names of plants comprise the biggest part of the material. The characteristic features of those names are synonymy and imagery (emotional-expressive connotation). From much terminological synonymy the present day Latvian botanical terminology most frequently selected a different name, not the name of the plant from the 18-19th century. Lithuanian botanists took the suggestions of the pioneers of this field for the plant names more into consideration. In respect of the structure Latvian botanical taxonomy is variable: 176 one-word and 122 complex names. There are some Lithuanian and Latvian generalities, some common borrowings and some characteristic Latvian language borrowings from German. This is the first case in the history of Lithuanian terminography when Latvian names of plants were included in Lithuanian dictionaries of terms. After Pabrėža Latvian equivalents were included only into Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (1938). |
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