Terminologija 12

An annual publication from the Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

 

Issues:

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TERMINOLOGIJA 12

CONTENTS

 

Terminologija 12         6

 

TERMINOLOGY AND THE PRESENT

Robertas Stunžinas. Synonymy of building and civil engineering terminology     7

 

TERMINOLOGICAL HISTORY

 

 

Vincentas Drotvinas. From the history of military terms    27

Aušra Rimkutė. Non-Lithuanian terms in the catholic catechisms from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries   42

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė. The names of treatment means in medical books of the doctor Antanas Vileišis    67

Asta Mitkevičienė. The names of epic, lyrics, drama and other classification units in the first Lithuanian textbooks of literature theory   81

Alvydas Umbrasas. Law terms naming persons in Lithuanian Legal Codes of 1918-1940  107

 

REMARKS, CONSIDERATIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND MISCELLANEA

 

A term beside a term. II (Jonas Klimavičius)     137

About one term of sociolinguistics: giminė (gender) or lytis (sex)

 (Giedrė Čepaitienė)     148

 

REVIEWS, SURVEYS, INFORMATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

 

Terminologijos istorijos ir dabarties problemos (Problems of terminology history and the present)

(Jonas Klimavičius)   151

С. Д. Шелов. Термин. Терминологичность. Терминологические определения (Term. Termness. Terminological definitions) (Solvita Labanauskienė)         160

Regina Kvašytė. Mokomasis terminologijos žodynėlis (Educational dictionary of terminology)

            (Aušra Rimkutė)   166

The European Commission EUROTERMBANK project

            (Albina Auksoriūtė)          169

International terminology conference Bendradarbiavimas terminologijos srityje Vidurio Europoje (Cooperation in the field of terminology in the Central Europe)

            (Aušra Rimkutė)          174

Scientific seminar Terminų norminimas ir tvarkyba (Terminology standardization and management/regulation)

            (Robertas Stunžinas)    176

International terminology summer school 2005

Terminologijos tvarkyba: teorija, praktika ir taikymas (Terminology management/regulation: theory, practice and application)

            (Robertas Stunžinas)        178

Term bank of the Republic of Lithuania

            (Audra Ivanauskienė)       181

The latest Lithuanian dictionaries of terms 2003 and 2004

            (Adelė Noreikaitė)           183

 

Summaries

 

Terminologija 12

Robertas Stunžinas. SYNONYMY OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING TERMINOLOGY        

 

This paper analyzes in structure, derivation, meaning and development aspects 1653 different lines of synonyms presented in three term dictionaries of building and civil engineering: 1992 Russian-Lithuanian term dictionary of building and civil engineering, 1993 English-Lithuanian term dictionary of building and civil engineering, 2002 Term dictionary of construction. Considering facts building and civil engineering terminology is characterized by a variety of synonymy. A small number of lines of synonyms in new term dictionary shows steadied synonymy.
In respect of derivation of synonymous terms or synonymous components two big groups can be distinguished: heterogeneous synonymy, i. e. lines of synonyms of Lithuanian and borrowed terms and homogeneous synonymy, i. e. lines of synonyms of pure Lithuanian terms. According to structure, derivation and types of synonymy these two groups could be divided into 18 smaller groups.
In heterogeneous synonymy three smaller groups dominate: lines of synonyms of single-word Lithuanian and international terms [en aerator - aeratorius, vėdintuvas ALSTŽ 8], lines of synonyms of complex terms with Lithuanian and hybrid components [ekvivalentinis storis, lygiavertis storis - en reduced thickness STŽ 586], mixed lines of heterogeneous complex terms and borrowed single-word terms [hidrantas, vandens kolonėlė - en hydrant RLSTŽ 57]. In lines of synonyms of single-word terms and complex terms borrowed terms are preferred [monolitiškumas, vientisumas (en solidity) RLSTŽ 462; nominalusis skersmuo, vardinis skersmuo - en nominal diameter STŽ 532]. In mixed lines of synonyms complex terms are preferred [drožlių betonas, fibrolitas - en wood fiber concrete STŽ 74]. Linguistically some synonyms are not equivalent [vibruojamasis tankinimas, vibravimas (en compaction by vibration) RLSTŽ 437]. Non-equivalence of synonyms could come from the broadness of borrowed terms, which can be covered by a few Lithuanian terms, and various possibilities of “synonymous” nomination [en freight elevator - krovininis liftas, keltuvas ALSTŽ 125]. During ten years heterogeneous synonymy of building and civil engineering has changed: in many cases in the new term dictionary it is possible to find only one synonym of earlier lines of synonyms [farvateris, laivakelis (en clearway) ALSTŽ 61 - laivakelis STŽ 300]. Furthermore, Lithuanian synonymy strengthened considerably and in many cases in the new term dictionary Lithuanian terms are preferred [konsolė, gembė (en cantilever) RLSTŽ 144 - gembė STŽ 166]. Many synonymous terms in the new dictionary are presented as separate terms [diskas, skridinys (en disc) RLSTŽ 75 - diskas STŽ 122, skridinys STŽ 543].
In homogeneous synonymy three smaller groups dominate: lines of synonyms of single-word terms [aidas, atgarsis - en echo STŽ 14], lines of synonyms of complex terms with synonymous subordinate components [pakopos plotis, laiptelio plotis - en tread width STŽ 430], mixed lines of synonyms of single-word and complex terms [kreivių braižiklis, braižytuvas - en plotter STŽ 81]. In single-word and complex term synonymy lexical synonyms dominate [en blister - burbulas, pūslė ALSTŽ 34], whereas derivative [greitintuvas, greitiklis (en accelerator) RLSTŽ 441] and grammatical synonyms [pramoninė statyba, pramonės statyba (en industrialized construction) RLSTŽ 405] are rather rare. Some derivative synonyms must be eliminated because of categorial polysemy [sunkimasis, sunktis - en percolation STŽ 596]. Typical grammatical synonyms are derivates with the suffix -tinis and the participle [klijuotoji sija, klijuotinė sija (en glueed girder) RLSTŽ 19]. Linguistically some homogeneous synonyms are not equivalent [en cooler - aušykla, aušinimo bokštas ALSTŽ 82]. Non equivalence of synonyms could come from the broadness of borrowed terms, which can be covered by several Lithuanian terms, and synonymy of other language equivalents [aukštuma, pakiluma - en hill, eminence STŽ 60]. During ten years homogeneous synonymy has changed: most synonyms of the earlier term dictionaries are absent in the new dictionary and in many cases the new term dictionary preferres only one term [en foreland - iškyšulys, ragas ALSTŽ 152 - iškyšulys STŽ 207].

 

Vincentas DrotvinasFROM THE HISTORY OF MILITARY TERMS

 

A preliminary overview of the abundant material of military terms from the earlier period of the written Lithuanian language allows some general conclusions and a few specific conclusions to be drawn on the subject.
Old military terms reach a distant past and reflect the wars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian and Prussia with other countries. Military men and weaponry were named using special terms, which were quite frequently coming from Western European languages.
Military terms are of a different age: the oldest are inherited from Indo-European (karas (war)) and Baltic parent language (kalavijas (sword)), the newer ones are not only own, but also borrowed terms. Lithuanian terms make a smaller part. Slavonicisms are more frequent borrowings (talking of which, they are also more frequent in sources from Lithuania Minor, at least from the earlier period), Germanisms are slightly less frequent.
The comparison of the meanings of old and currently used military terms obviously illustrates semantic changes: not one term (karininkas (officer), karžygys (warrior), pulkininkas (colonel)) has gained a new meaning.
It is topical to continue the research of military terms. That would reveal not only their history, but probably it could make the origin, word-formation and meaning development of modern Lithuanian military terms clearer.

 

Aušra Rimkutė. NON-LITHUANIAN TERMS IN THE CATHOLIC CATECHISMS FROM THE END OF THE 19TH AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES

 

Lithuanian Christian terminology is one of the oldest fields of terminology – the old borrowings (for instance, bažnyčia (church), gavėnia (Lent), krikštas (baptism), kūčios (Christmas Eve), Kalėdos (Christmas), Velykos (Easter)) came into Lithuanian before the official conversion of Lithuania to Christianity – in 10th-12th centuries. The beginnings of Lithuanian terminology are found in extant manuscripts of prayers (Viešpaties malda (The Lord’s prayer), Angelo pasveikinimas (Hail Mary), Tikėjimo išpažinimas (The Nicean Creed)) written down in Vilnius diocese in the 16th century, which are the oldest of all presently known texts and the first printed Lithuanian book – an evangelical Lutheran catechism Catechismvsa prasty Szadei written by Martynas Mažvydas in 1547. This article analyses one-word non-Lithuanian origin terms of religion used in Catholic catechisms from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. This period is not a random choice, because the literature of the Church and its language at that time were corrupt with barbarisms.
From four Catholic catechisms published at that period – Mokslas Rimo Kataliku (Teaching of Roman Catholics) (1879), Trumpasis Kun. Filochowskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas (Short Catechism by Priest Filochowski. Translated by Vaiszgantas) (1901), Katakizmai katalikiszki (Catholic Catechisms) (1903) and Tikybos mokslas (Šv. Istorijos ir Katekizmo) (Teaching of Religion (Holy History and Catechism)) (1916) by the priest Kazimieras Paltarokas  – 1158 one-word terms of religion and their variants, were picked up. Some terms were the same, so it made 613 different terms and 125 their variants. The majority of one-word terms – 439 terms – were of the native origin. This article investigates 141 different terms of non-Lithuanian origin and 33 hybrid terms of foreign origin.
Non-Lithuanian, i.e. terms of religion of the foreign origin are so called international words (34 terms), barbarisms (71 term) and old borrowings (36 terms). The absolute majority of international terms (33 terms) are derived from classical languages – Latin (aktas (act, note) TFK 43, ostija (host) KK 30, MRK 322, TM 123, sakramentas (sacrament) MRK 16, 79, 138, TFK 9, KK 22, TM 72, 85) and Greek (antifona (versicle) TM 11, balzamas (balm MRK 315). Some international terms came through Slavonic (Belorussian, Polish) languages, for instance, altorius (altar) MRK 176, TM 110, adventas (advent) MRK 79, 333, TM 109, angelas (angel) TM 12, 76 and other.
The origin of old borrowings varies. These catechisms have majorily old borrowings from Slavonic languages, for example, bažnyčia (church) MRK 25, TFK 20, 25, KK 19, TM 7, 88, grabas (coffin) MRK 75, KK 15 and other. This is the oldest layer of Lithuanian terms of religion.
There are many barbarisms in earlier mentioned catechisms (71 term): Polonisms (abrozas (picture) MRK 79, dūšia (spirit) MRK 29, TFK 8, KK 11, tajemnyčia (mystery of rosary) MRK 50), Slavonicisms (apieka (care) KK 10, Belorussianisms (mūka (suffering) MRK 57, TFK 11, 25, KK 46) and germanisms (podžiai (godparents) TM 120).
The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries is the period of the fast creation of common language. At that time terms of religion were already established, but the language was corrupted with barbarisms and was not pure. In the beginning of the 20th century there were attempts to normalize terms of religion – barbarisms were changed, international terms and old borrowings were left. In the work of the priest K. Paltarokas Tikybos mokslas (The Teaching of Religion) even 82% of terms are purely Lithuanian. In this catechism there is only one barbarism from German language – podžiai (godparents) TM 120. Furthermore, barbarisms, used in catechisms published in 1879-1903, were changed, for instance, dirmavonė MRK 108, TFK 9, KK 27 – sutvirtinimo sakramentas TM 120 (confirmation), čysčius MRK 63, TFK 17, KK 16, 37 – skaistykla TM 89 (purgatory) and others. After the bishop Paltarokas the terminology of Lithuanian catholic catechisms hardly changed.

 

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

THE NAMES OF TREATMENT MEANS IN MEDICAL BOOKS OF THE DOCTOR ANTANAS VILEIŠIS

  

This article analyses the names of treatment means (over 400) collected from sixteen books of popular medicine by doctor Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) according to their meaning, expression and origin.
In respect of meaning these names differ. Six notional groups were identified – names of medications for internal and external use, bandaging means and medical dressings, first aid means, disinfecting or anti-bacterial means, medical implements and manipulation treatment.
In respect of expression the majority of names of treatment means are complex terms, mainly two-word terms (200), also there are quite few three-word terms (nearly 80). A variety of means of expression is characteristic to specific elements of those terms.
In respect of origin Lithuanian words prevail, though there are quite a lot of words of foreign origin – international words and barbarisms. In some cases barbarisms were substituted with Lithuanian equivalents, though sometimes the author gives a barbarism next to Lithuanian word – presumably trying to adjust his language to the lexicon used by target readers. The abundance of borrowed words possibly has been influenced by the language, style and terminology of foreign authors, because most of doctor Vileišis books were translations of works of Russian or Polish authors or were prepared using such works.
The names of treatment means have synonyms and variants. Most frequently two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and non-Lithuanian word are used synonymously.
Popular medical books by doctor Antanas Vileišis are the important source for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.
Asta Mitkevičienė. THE NAMES OF EPIC, LYRICS, DRAMA AND OTHER CLASSIFICATION UNITS IN THE FIRST LITHUANIAN TEXTBOOKS OF LITERATURE THEORY
This article investigates the origin, synonymy and some usage issues of names of epic, lyrics, drama genre, genre forms and kinds used in the first Lithuanian textbooks of literature theory. The material for this article was collected from all special works on the theory of literature published between two wars – Raštijos bei literatūros teorija (The Theory of Writing and Literature) (1918) and the third edition of  Literatūros teorija (The Theory of Literature) (1922) by K. Bizauskas, the textbook Stilistika (Stylistics) (1923 and 1927) by M. Gustaitis, three different editions of the textbook Literatūros teorija (pagrindiniai prozos ir poezijos dėsniai) (The Theory of Literature (The main laws of prose and poetry)) (1923, 1926, 1930) by J. Norkus, Prozos ir poezijos teorijos (Theories of Prose and Poetry) (1925) by St. Češūnas, the fourth edition of the textbook Literatūros teorija. Poetika (The Theory of Literature. Poetics) (1938) by J. Ambrazevičius.
Most of the names of epic, lyrics, drama and other classification units are of the foreign origin: there are two and a half times more international one-word terms than Lithuanian terms, complex terms of the mixed origin (Lithuanian and foreign origin) – make a bigger half of all complex terms and terms of the foreign origin make more than two fifths. Words of foreign origin are the elements of two-word terms one and a half times more frequently than Lithuanian words. Only three-word terms with the subordinate elements of the foreign origin are fewer than three-word terms with the subordinate elements of the Lithuanian origin.
There is one feature of terms (both one-word and complex terms) in textbooks, published in the twenties of the 20th century, which was quite common at the time – variation. It was predetermined by not unified Lithuanisation of international terms or words of the foreign origin, which made the subordinate elements of complex terms.
Like nowadays, two structural types of two-word terms prevail – terms with the suffix -inis and terms with a genitive of the noun.
There are more synonym lines in all editions of the textbooks of literature theory than in one publication (usually there are two synonyms used in one publication). In some cases when changing synonymous terms not always the better way – the Lithuanisation – was chosen. The comparison of the synonym lines in the textbook by K. Bizauskas published in 1922 and in the work of J. Ambrazevičius dating 1938 shows that a number of synonyms was not decreasing.
The first textbooks of theory of literature show some things important to the terminology of literature theory, for instance, a promiscuity in the usage of the names of epic prose genre, the usage of sakmė (saga, story) in the meaning of “pasakėčia“ (fable), not hasty move from apsakymas (story) to novelė (novella), a differentiation of terms liaudiška daina and liaudies daina (folksong), a difficult way of the word atsiminimai (memoirs) into the terminology of the literature theory.

 

Alvydas Umbrasas. LAW TERMS NAMING PERSONS IN LITHUANIAN LEGAL CODES OF 1918-1940

 

Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.
A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -tojas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.
The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.
Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.